Both approaches have gained popularity and been widely used in clinical and epidemiological studies. The deficit accumulation based frailty index estimates the proportional presentation of health problems of a wide range of health domains. The phenotypic approach categorizes the physical presentation of frailty based on five clinical features including weakness, slow walking speed, unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, and low physical activity. Frailty can be operationalized in many ways, although none of them have provided a definite diagnosis. This situation calls for fully comprehensive web-based applications, taking into consideration a number of key functions linking graphical user interface and functionalities, and paying special attention to secure data management.įrailty is a multidimensional state of increased vulnerability with age that can lead to increased risk of many adverse outcomes, including hospitalization and mortality. Despite the available web-based frailty assessments on the Internet, many missed certain needed features for professional use in healthcare settings. Web-based applications represent a viable option for remote frailty assessments and multidisciplinary integrated care of older adults. The least developed feature was Data Saving. Other categories had a mean score of 1.6/3 or lower. Categories that scored well among the applications included the User Interface (2.8/3) and the Cost (2.7/3). Twelve web-based frailty assessment applications were found, chiefly provided by the USA (50%) or European countries (41%) and focused on frailty grading and outcome prediction for specific patient groups (59%). Each of the identified web applications were assessed based on eight featured categories and assigned a rating score accordingly. We conducted a review with literature (e.g., using MEDLINE databases) and Google searches (last updated on October 10, 2021). The objectives of this scoping review are to identify and evaluate web-based frailty assessment tools currently available and to identify challenges and opportunities for future development. An emerging effort has targeted web-based software applications to improve accessibility and usage. Developing reliable and secure electronic frailty assessment tools can benefit virtual appointments, a need especially relevant in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. A crucial aspect of continued senior care is the early detection and management of frailty.
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